{"595769":{"#nid":"595769","#data":{"type":"news","title":"As \u0027Flesh-Eating\u0027\u00a0Leishmania Come Closer, a Vaccine Against Them Does, Too","body":[{"value":"\u003Cp\u003EParasites that ulcerate\u0026nbsp;the skin, can disfigure the face, and can fatally mutilate\u0026nbsp;internal organs are creeping closer to the southern edges of the United States.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ENo vaccine is available against\u0026nbsp;\u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026nbsp;yet, but researchers have now come closer to changing that. A new experimental vaccine, made with a proprietary biological particle developed at the Georgia Institute of Technology, has immunized laboratory mice that were genetically altered to mimic the human immune system.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe vaccine exploits a weakness in \u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026rsquo;s tricky chemical camouflage, which normally hides it from the victim\u0026rsquo;s disease-fighting cells, to trigger \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/full\/10.1021\/acscentsci.7b00311\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003Ea forceful immune response against the parasite, according to a new study.\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Ch4\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESecond-deadliest parasite\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/h4\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E are \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.doctorswithoutborders.org\/our-work\/medical-issues\/kala-azar-leishmaniasis\u0022\u003Ethe second-deadliest parasite\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.doctorswithoutborders.org\/our-work\/medical-issues\/kala-azar-leishmaniasis\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003Es\u003C\/a\u003E in the world, topped only by malaria, according to the World Health Organization. There are some 30 strains of \u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThey are transmitted mainly through the bite of a \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/disease-vectors\/facts\/phlebotomine-sand-flies\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003Ephlebotomine sand fly\u003C\/a\u003E, which feeds on blood, and global warming is expanding the insect\u0026rsquo;s potential habitat northward from Latin America. The outbreak regions closest to the United States of \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/leishmaniasis\/index.html\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003Eleishmaniasis, the disease caused by the parasite\u003C\/a\u003E, have come within roughly 300 miles of the border.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAs with many diseases, many people who contract \u003Cem\u003ELeishmania,\u003C\/em\u003E the parasite, may develop leishmaniasis, the disease, with varying symptoms, or perhaps even show no outward signs of the disease. But when it breaks out, it can cause large skin boils, and some forms\u0026nbsp;severely eat away at the nose and lips, even removing parts of them.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIf another form of the parasite gets into the bloodstream, it can damage the liver and spleen in a deadly form of the disease called visceral leishmaniasis, also known as black fever.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026ldquo;If you don\u0026rsquo;t treat it, within 20 to 40 days visceral leishmaniasis very often kills the victim,\u0026rdquo; said Alexandre Marques, a professor in the parasitology department of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in Brazil, and one of the lead researchers on the new experimental vaccine. Conventional treatment, though mostly effective, can leave behind small numbers of the parasite, which can lead the patient to relapse or act as a carrier, in a similar manner as malaria.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EA vaccine could be better at halting or averting outbreaks.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Ch4\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELong-awaited vaccine\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/h4\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E, which are single-cell organisms about the size of large bacteria, have been a scourge in about 90 countries in South America, Africa, the Middle East, Asia and southern Europe. For decades, researchers have worked to find a vaccine against them and similar parasites without success.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026ldquo;In comparison to viruses and bacteria, these are much more complex organisms and more difficult to crack,\u0026rdquo; said M. G. Finn, who also led work on the new vaccine. Finn is a \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/biosci.gatech.edu\/people\/m.g.-finn\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003Eprofessor in Georgia Tech\u0026rsquo;s School of Biological Sciences\u003C\/a\u003E and in \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.chemistry.gatech.edu\/people\/finn\/m.g.\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003Ethe School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, which he also chairs\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe new vaccine leverages intimate knowledge that Marques\u0026rsquo;s team has gained living and working on the edge of leishmaniasis outbreak regions. \u0026ldquo;Alex\u0026rsquo;s (Marques\u0026rsquo;s) students collect the sand flies, then they extract the parasites in the lab and do complex mass spectrometry and other tests to study their molecular makeup in impressive detail,\u0026rdquo; Finn said.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe team has uncovered minute details on the outer surface of \u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E that make it vulnerable to a human immune reaction. The potential new vaccine, invented at Georgia Tech, employs a fake virus as bait to attract major immune system forces to these weaknesses to attack them.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe fake virus, or virus-like particle, is not infectious, and the body destroys it after use. Finn\u0026rsquo;s lab has developed many variations of such particles in recent years, and other products containing it have already been through phase II human clinical trials.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EMarques and Finn \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/full\/10.1021\/acscentsci.7b00311\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003Epublished the results of their vaccination development and testing on September 13, 2017, in the journal ACS Central Science.\u003C\/a\u003E The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, Children\u0026rsquo;s Healthcare of Atlanta, and Brazil\u0026rsquo;s National Council for Scientific and Technological Development.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Ch4\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ELeishmaniasis vaccine Q \u0026amp; A\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/h4\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EHere are some questions and answers to help readers better understand how the vaccine would leverage \u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026rsquo;s chemical camouflage.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat\u0026rsquo;s so tricky about \u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E\u0026rsquo;s chemical camouflage?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe parasites cover themselves in carbohydrates, which look like food and also cover all other cells in the body. So, to the body, the \u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E cells look inoffensive, and the immune system mostly leaves them alone.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat\u0026rsquo;s the chink in the camouflage?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of those carbohydrates do actually trigger a mild human immune response. It\u0026rsquo;s not strong enough to really battle leishmaniasis, but it gives Marques and Finn\u0026rsquo;s vaccine a foot in the door.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIt\u0026rsquo;s lucky that humans, and some other primates, have this particular immune reaction, because other mammals don\u0026rsquo;t, so this vaccine wouldn\u0026rsquo;t work on them. Incidentally, that\u0026rsquo;s why, to test the new vaccine, the laboratory mice have to be genetically altered to make their immune systems react to the carbohydrates the way ours does.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow does the fake virus work?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026ldquo;We use the virus-like particle to highlight a \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003Ekey carbohydrate\u003C\/a\u003E on the surface of \u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E clearly to the body. This coaxes its immune system into reacting strongly against it as a foreign structure,\u0026rdquo; Finn said.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EThe immune system goes after the fake virus like guard dogs after an invader. The researchers attach the odd carbohydrate to the fake virus, and that makes the immune system recognize that carbohydrate as a serious threat. Immune cells then hunt it down, and, in the process, destroy the parasite that produces it.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhen could a vaccine be on the market?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIt\u0026rsquo;s too early to stoke hopes\u0026nbsp;because a lot has to happen before any drug or vaccine can hit the market. But the researchers have some interesting arguments for moving on to human testing.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026ldquo;Normally, in medical testing, you would test next in rabbits or infected cats or dogs,\u0026rdquo; Finn said. \u0026ldquo;But they don\u0026rsquo;t have the right immune system. The only other possibilities are genetically altered pigs, or certain primates, or humans.\u0026rdquo;\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAs mentioned, the fake virus is a biological nanoparticle that has been tested in humans before without showing toxicity. Also, the researchers want to add some more kinds of \u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E camouflage carbohydrates to the fake virus to give the vaccine even more punch.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EIsn\u0026rsquo;t leishmaniasis limited to poverty regions with poor hygiene?\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAbsolutely not.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EIt can take hold anywhere people and animals live in high density and certain species of sand flies, and some other insects, can thrive. The insects like warmer weather, which is why climate change is causing the sand fly\u0026rsquo;s habitat to spread north.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u0026ldquo;People in developed countries in climates that were cooler will have to start caring about this, as global warming encourages this to spread to them,\u0026rdquo; Marques said.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother potentially deadly \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/parasites\/chagas\/gen_info\/vectors\/index.html\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003Einsect-borne tropical disease called Chagas disease\u003C\/a\u003E has already made it to three southern U.S. states, and the same researchers are working on a vaccine against it, too.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Ch4\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHighly cited chemist\u003C\/strong\u003E\u003C\/h4\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EM. G. Finn is a highly cited award-winning chemist. The \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/thomson-reuters-predicts-2013-nobel-laureates-225134522.html\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EThompson Reuters news agency included Finn in its 2013 predictions of possible winners of that year\u0026rsquo;s Nobel Prize in Chemistry\u003C\/a\u003E. (That year\u0026rsquo;s prize went to different well-deserving researchers and their achievements.)\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EFinn is most widely known for his research on click chemistry. A famous study in partnership with \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/chemistry\/laureates\/2001\/\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003ENobel Prize winning chemist Karl Barry Sharpless\u003C\/a\u003E, and Harmuth Kolb, \u0026quot;\u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/1521-3773(20010601)40:11%3C2004::AID-ANIE2004%3E3.0.CO;2-5\/full\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003EClick Chemistry: Diverse Chemical Function from a Few Good Reactions\u003C\/a\u003E,\u0026quot; has been cited more than 10,000 times, \u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?view_op=view_citation\u0026amp;hl=en\u0026amp;user=H0fC2pEAAAAJ\u0026amp;citation_for_view=H0fC2pEAAAAJ:u5HHmVD_uO8C\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022\u003Eaccording to Google Scholar\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003EFinn also holds the James A. Carlos Family Chair for Pediatric Technology at Georgia Tech.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n\r\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECo-authors of this study were Ana P. Venuto,\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003ELuiza C. B. Santos,\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003ECarlos Ramon Nascimento Brito,\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003EEdward Valencia,\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003ECaroline Junqueira,\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003EAdalberto A. P. Filho,\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003EMauricio R. V. Sant\u0026#39;Anna,\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003ENelder F. Gontijo,\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003EDaniella C. Bartholomeu,\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003ERicardo T. Fujiwara,\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003ERicardo T. Gazzinelli from the \u003C\/em\u003E\u003Cem\u003EUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais\u003C\/em\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, and Craig S. McKay and Carlos A. Sanhueza from Georgia Tech. Funders of the research were: T\u003C\/em\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ehe Conselho Nacional de\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003EDesenvolvimento Cient\u0026iacute;fico e Tecnol\u0026oacute;gico (CNPQ) Brazil, the\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003ENational Institute of General Medical Sciences at the National Institutes of\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003EHealth (\u003C\/em\u003E\u003Cem\u003Egrant number \u003C\/em\u003E\u003Cem\u003ER01 GM101421), and \u003C\/em\u003E\u003Cem\u003EChildren\u0026rsquo;s Healthcare of Atlanta.\u003C\/em\u003E \u003Cem\u003EAny opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of those sponsors.\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","summary":null,"format":"limited_html"}],"field_subtitle":"","field_summary":[{"value":"\u003Cp\u003EBoils the size of sand dollars, acid-like facial wounds, death by maiming\u0026nbsp;of liver and spleen. \u003Cem\u003ELeishmania\u003C\/em\u003E parasites inflict suffering around the world that is the stuff of parables, and they\u0026#39;re the second-deadliest parasites after malaria. Global warming is slowly pushing them north toward the United States. Can a new experimental vaccine someday stop them? The vaccine has worked in humanized mice, as detailed in a new study.\u003C\/p\u003E\r\n","format":"limited_html"}],"field_summary_sentence":[{"value":"A potentially deadly parasite that can ulcerate skin, nose, mouth and organs could someday meet its match in an experimental vaccine that has now worked in lab tests on humanized mice."}],"uid":"31759","created_gmt":"2017-09-08 22:15:22","changed_gmt":"2017-09-13 15:49:08","author":"Ben Brumfield","boilerplate_text":"","field_publication":"","field_article_url":"","dateline":{"date":"2017-09-13T00:00:00-04:00","iso_date":"2017-09-13T00:00:00-04:00","tz":"America\/New_York"},"extras":[],"hg_media":{"595692":{"id":"595692","type":"image","title":"Leishmaniasis infector-disease illustration","body":null,"created":"1504819454","gmt_created":"2017-09-07 21:24:14","changed":"1505141586","gmt_changed":"2017-09-11 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