Calhoun is the Distinguished University Professor of Psychology at Georgia State University. He is the director of the Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, a joint venture between Georgia State University and Georgia Tech. Calhoun is also the founding director of the Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science, a tri-institutional effort supported by Georgia State, Georgia Tech, and Emory University to increase cooperation among Atlanta brain imaging researchers.

Calhoun is a Georgia Research Alliance (GRA) Eminent Scholar in Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics, and he also holds appointments in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Tech and in neurology and psychiatry at Emory University School of Medicine. His research is focused on developing new ways to analyze and use complex brain imaging data by drawing on advanced machine-learning approaches.